Características clínicas y microbiológicas de infecciones de piel y partes blandas en pacientes pediátricos de dos hospitales de Buenos Aires / Skin and soft tissue infections in pediatrics

Las infecciones de piel y partes blandas (IPPB) en niños son una de las principales causas de prescripción de antimicrobianos. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características clínicas y microbiológicas de las IPPB ambulatorias de niños asistidos en dos hospitales zonales. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo entre el 1/11/2017 y el 1/11/2018. Se incluyeron pacientes entre 1 mes y 15 años internados en dos hospitales. Se evaluó: edad, sexo, localidad, factores predisponentes, tipo de IPPB, muestras biológicas realizadas, aislamiento microbiológico, tratamiento empírico indicado y evolución del cuadro. Se realizó antibiograma y determinación genética. Se calculó chi2, IC95, OR; α=5%. N= 94. 58,7% masculinos. 12 pacientes <1 año, 85 >1 año (promedio de edad 4 años, 1-15). El 36% de Tandil y 63,8% de Florencio Varela. El 59,6% corresponden a IPPB purulentas. Se aislaron microorganismos en un 59,6%. Los aislamientos principales: SAMR (40,4%), SAMS (7,4%), S. agalactiae (2,1%) y S. pyogenes (2,1%). El 100% de SAMR son portadores de gen mecA y SCCmec tipo IV, sin multirresistencia. No hubo diferencia estadística entre los factores de riesgo evaluados para el desarrollo de IPPB por SAMR. El 52,1% de los niños recibió tratamiento antibiótico combinado, siendo la más indicada TMS-SMX + CLI en 36 eventos. (38,3%). La evolución fue favorable: no hubo diferencia significativa entre el subgrupo que se aisló SAMR y el que no se aisló SAMR; 91,9% (34/37) y 92,6% (50/54) correspondientemente (chi2: 0,01; p= 0,97 IC95: 0,26-3,88). El principal agente etiológico fue SAMRco, debiendo adecuar los tratamientos a este microorganismo.

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSIs) in children are one of the main causes of antimicrobial prescription. The aim of the study was to describe the clinical and microbiological characteristics of outpatient SSIs in children attended in two hospitals. A prospective study was conducted between 11/1/2017 and 11/1/2018. Patients between 1 month and 15 years old, hospitalized were included. We evaluated: age, sex, locality, predisposing factors, type of IPPB, biological samples taken, microbiological isolation, empirical treatment indicated and evolution of the condition. An antibiogram and genetic determination were performed. Chi2, CI95, OR; α=5% were calculated. N= 94. 58.7% male. 12 patients <1 year, 85 >1 year (mean age 4 years, 1-15). 36% were from Tandil and 63.8% from Florencio Varela. 59.6% corresponded to purulent SSIs. The diagnostic yield was 59.6%. Main isolates: MRSA (40.4%), MSSA (7.4%), S. agalactiae (2.1%) and S. pyogenes (2.1%). 100% of MRSA carried the mecA gene and SCCmec type IV, with no multidrug resistance. There was no statistical difference between the risk factors evaluated. 52.1% of children received combined antibiotic treatment, the most indicated being TMS-SMX + CLI in 36 events. (38,3%). Evolution was favorable: there was no significant difference between the subgroup that isolated MRSA and the subgroup that did not isolate MRSA; 91.9% (34/37) and 92.6% (50/54) respectively (chi2: 0.01; p= 0.97 CI95: 0.26-3.88). The main etiological agent was MRSA, and treatments should be adapted to this microorganism

Uso ambulatorio de cefalosporinas en una población colombiana: estudio de prescripción-indicación / Outpatient cephalosporin use in a Colombian population: prescription-indication study

INTRODUCCIÓN: El uso indebido de cefalosporinas puede provocar resistencia de las bacterias. OBJETIVO: Determinar el perfil de prescripción e indicación de cefalosporinas en un grupo de pacientes afiliados al Sistema de Salud de Colombia. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal. A partir de una base de datos poblacional se obtuvo una muestra aleatoria de pacientes atendidos en consulta ambulatoria para identificar las indicaciones de cefalosporinas en registros clínicos. Se evaluaron variables farmacológicas relacionadas con formulación no indicada según guías de práctica clínica. RESULTADOS: En 381 pacientes, con edad media 41,2 ± 15,4 años, el 61,4% (n = 234) eran mujeres. Cefalexina fue la más utilizada (n=318; 83,5%), con duración media del tratamiento de 7,3 ± 3,2 días, seguida de cefradina (n = 43, 11,3%) y ceftriaxona (n = 20, 5,2%). Se prescribieron para infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos (n = 177; 46,4%, de las cuales 47,5% eran purulentas), del tracto urinario (n = 70; 18,4%), de vías respiratorias superiores (n = 57; 15,0%), e infecciones de transmisión sexual (n = 21; 5,5%). Estaban indicadas en 169 pacientes (44,4%), pero sólo 103 (60,9%) tenían prescripciones que cumplían las recomendaciones de dosificación. CONCLUSIONES: Más de la mitad de pacientes prescritos con cefalosporinas en un contexto ambulatorio tenían prescripciones consideradas no indicadas, en particular por su uso en infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos purulentas.

BACKGROUND: Misuse of cephalosporins can lead to bacterial resistance. Aim: To determine the prescription profile and indication of cephalosporins in the patients affiliated to the Colombian Health System. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. From a population database, a random sample of patients treated in an outpatient consultation was obtained, to identify the indications of the prescribed cephalosporins in their clinical record. Pharmacological variables, and those related to non-indicated formulations were evaluated according to the clinical practice guidelines. RESULTS: In 381 patients, the mean age was 41.2 ± 15.4 years, and 61.4% (n = 234) were women. Cefalexin was the most widely used (n=318; 83.5%), with a mean duration of treatment of 7.3 ± 3.2 days; followed by cefradine (n = 43; 11.3%), and ceftriaxone (n = 20; 5.2%). The most common uses were for skin and soft tissue infections (n = 177; 46.4% of which 47.5% were purulent), urinary tract infections (n = 70; 18.4%), upper respiratory airway infections (n = 57; 15.0%) and sexually transmitted diseases (n = 21; 5.5%). The use was considered indicated in 169 patients (44.4%), but only 103 (60.9%) had prescriptions that met the dosage recommendations from the clinical practice guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the patients prescribed with cephalosporins in the outpatient setting had prescriptions considered not indicated, particularly for their use in purulent skin and soft tissue infections.

Myroides odoratimimus, una causa infrecuente de infección de tejidos blandos y osteomielitis / Myroides odoratimimus, a rare cause of soft tissue infection and osteomyelitis: case report

Resumen Las infecciones por bacterias gramnegativas del género Myroides son muy poco frecuentes y generalmente afectan la piel y tejidos blandos de pacientes con algún grado de inmunocompromiso. Presentamos un caso de una mujer de 23 años, con antecedentes de mielomeningocele operado y pie bot, que cursó con una infección profunda de la extremidad inferior derecha por Myroides odoratimimus. La identificación de especie se realizó con técnica de MALDI-TOF. El tratamiento fue inicialmente con meropenem y ajustado a ciprofloxacina, junto con realizar una amputación supramaleolar derecha.

Abstract Infections due to Gram-negative bacteria of the genus Myroides are very rare and generally affect the skin and soft tissues of patients with some degree of immunocompromise. We present a case of a 23-year-old patient with a history of myelomeningocele surgically resolved at 3 years of age and bot foot, who presented with a deep infection of the right lower extremity by Myroides odoratimimus. The species identification was carried out with MALDI-TOF and the treatment was initially carried out with meropenem and finally then ciprofloxacin, in addition to right supramaleolar amputation.

Community-genotype methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections in Latin America: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Background: Community-genotype methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CG-MRSA) emerged in the 1990s as a global community pathogen primarily involved in skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and pneumonia. To date, the CG-MRSA SSTI burden in Latin America (LA) has not been assessed. Objective: The main objective of this study was to report the rate and genotypes of community-genotype methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CG-MRSA) causing community-onset skin and soft tissue infections (CO-SSTIs) in LA over the last two decades. In addition, this research determined relevant data related to SSTIs due to CG-MRSA, including risk factors, other invasive diseases, and mortality. Data sources: Relevant literature was searched and extracted from five major databases: Embase, PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, and Web of Science. Methods: A systematic review was performed, and a narrative review was constructed. Results: An analysis of 11 studies identified epidemiological data across LA, with Argentina presenting the highest percentage of SSTIs caused by CG-MRSA (88%). Other countries had rates of CG-MRSA infection ranging from 0 to 51%. Brazil had one of the lowest rates of CG-MRSA SSTI (4.5-25%). In Argentina, being younger than 50 years of age and having purulent lesions were predictive factors for CG-MRSA CO-SSTIs. In addition, the predominant genetic lineages in LA belonged to sequence types 8, 30, and 5 (ST8, ST30, and ST5). Conclusion: There are significant regional differences in the rates of CG-MRSA causing CO-SSTIs. It is not possible to conclude whether or not CG-MRSA CO-SSTIs resulted in more severe SSTI presentations or in a higher mortality rate.

Early switch/early discharge opportunities for hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus complicated skin and soft tissue infections in Brazil

ABSTRACT Background: Early antibiotic switch and early discharge protocols have not been widely studied in Latin America. Our objective was to describe real-world treatment patterns, resource use, and estimate opportunities for early switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics and early discharge for patients hospitalized with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus complicated skin and soft-tissue infections. Materials/methods: This retrospective medical chart review recruited 72 physicians from Brazil to collect data from patients hospitalized with documented methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus complicated skin and soft tissue infections between May 2013 and May 2015, and discharged alive by June 2015. Data collected included clinical characteristics and outcomes, hospital length of stay, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-targeted intravenous and oral antibiotic use, and early switch and early discharge eligibility using literature-based and expert-validated criteria. Results: A total of 199 patient charts were reviewed, of which 196 (98.5%) were prescribed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus -active therapy. Only four patients were switched from intravenous to oral antibiotics while hospitalized. The mean length of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-active treatment was 14.7 (standard deviation, 10.1) days, with 14.6 (standard deviation, 10.1) total days of intravenous therapy. The mean length of hospital stay was 22.2 (standard deviation, 23.0) days. The most frequent initial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-active therapies were intravenous vancomycin (58.2%), intravenous clindamycin (19.9%), and intravenous daptomycin (6.6%). Thirty-one patients (15.6%) were discharged with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus -active antibiotics of which 80.6% received oral antibiotics. Sixty-two patients (31.2%) met early switch criteria and potentially could have discontinued intravenous therapy 6.8 (standard deviation, 7.8) days sooner, and 65 patients (32.7%) met early discharge criteria and potentially could have been discharged 5.3 (standard deviation, 7.0) days sooner. Conclusions: Only 2% of patients were switched from intravenous to oral antibiotics in our study while almost one-third were early switch eligible. Additionally, one-third of hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus complicated skin and soft tissue infections were early discharge eligible indicating opportunity for reducing intravenous therapy and days of hospital stay. These results provide insight into possible benefits of implementation of early switch/early discharge protocols in Brazil.

Características clínicas y microbiológicas de las infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos por Staphylococcus aureus en niños de un hospital en Medellín durante los años 2013 a 2015 / Clinical and microbiological characteristics of skin and soft tissue infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus in children in a hospital in Medellin from 2013 to 2015

Resumen Introducción: El principal microorganismo implicado en las infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos (IPTB) es Staphylococcus aureus, con incremento en las cepas resistentes a meticilina en los últimos años. Objetivo: Identificar la frecuencia de S. aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM) en IPTB en niños que consultaron a un hospital de cuarto nivel en la ciudad de Medellín. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, a partir de la revisión de historias clínicas. Se incluyeron pacientes menores de 18 años con IPTB causadas por S. aureus que no cumplieran con criterios de enfermedad invasora. Resultados: La prevalencia de SARM en esta población fue de 31%. El principal diagnóstico fue absceso cutáneo (68%), seguido por infección de sitio quirúrgico (15%) y celulitis no purulenta (6%). Tenían alguna co-morbilidad 85% de los pacientes. Todos los aislados fueron sensibles a rifampicina y cotrimoxazol. Ocho por ciento de los aislados fueron resistentes a clindamicina. Se encontró mayor prevalencia de SARM en lactantes comparado con los mayores de 2 años (60 vs 23%, p = 0,0109). Conclusión: Ante la alta prevalencia de SARM en IPTB se recomienda incluir en el tratamiento empírico antimicrobianos con cobertura para estas cepas, principalmente para lactantes.

Background: Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) are very common in children and Staphylococcus aureus is the main agent, with an increase of methicillin resistant strains (MRSA) in recent years. Aim: To identify the frequency of MRSA in skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) in children from a high complex hospital in Medellin, Colombia. Methods: This is a descriptive, retrospective study, information was obtained from medical records. We included patients younger than 18 years with SSTI due to S. aureus who did not meet criteria for invasive disease. Results: The prevalence of MRSA in this population was 31%. The main diagnosis was cutaneous abscess (68%), followed by surgical site infection (15%) and non-purulent cellulitis (6%). Eighty five percent of the patients had at least 1 comorbidity. All isolates were sensitive to rifampicin and cotrimoxazole and 8% of the isolates were resistant to clindamycin. There was a higher prevalence of MRSA in patients under 2 years compared to older (60 vs 23%, p = 0,0109). Conclusion: In view of the high prevalence of MRSA in SSTI, empirical treatment with adequate coverage for MRSA is recommended, especially for patients under 2 years of age.

Descripción de 3 casos de infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos por Streptococcus pneumoniae / Description of 3 cases of skin and soft tissue infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

El papel de Streptococcus pneumoniae como agente causal de infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos (IPTB) es inusual y de difícil interpretación clínica. Describimos 3 casos documentados (años 2010, 2011 y 2015) en pacientes internados en el Hospital Provincial de Pediatría de Misiones, detectados durante 10 años de vigilancia de enfermedades invasivas (EI). Estos casos correspondieron a 2 niñas de 8 y 7 meses y a un varón de 2 años con diagnóstico de absceso glúteo, celulitis preseptal y piodermitis, respectivamente. Todos eran eutróficos, con buen estado general al ingreso, uno de ellos seropositivo para virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Los aislamientos presentaron características de sensibilidad a antimicrobianos y serotipos que se enmarcaron dentro de la epidemiología local de las EI neumocócicas. A pesar de la baja frecuencia, la etiología de S. pneumoniae en IPTB debe considerarse. Nuestros hallazgos revalorizan el papel del laboratorio en el diagnóstico por cultivo y contribuyen a documentar el comportamiento de este patógeno.

The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae as a causative agent of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) is unusual and its clinical interpretation is difficult. We describe here three cases of SSTI due to S. pneumoniae in patients admitted to the Provincial Pediatric Hospital of Misiones, Argentina that were detected during 10 years of invasive disease (ID) surveillance documented in 2010, 2011 and 2015. These cases involved two girls aged 8 and 7 months old, and a two-year-old male child with diagnoses of gluteal abscess, preseptal cellulites and pyoderma respectively. All the patients were eutrophic and in good general condition on admission; one of them was seropositive for HIV. Antimicrobial susceptibility and serotypes were framed within the local epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease. Despite its low frequency, S. pneumoniae as an etiological agent of SSTI must be considered. Our findings revalue the role of the diagnostic laboratory and contribute to document the behavior of this pathogen.

Infecções da pele e de tecidos moles na unidade de terapia intensiva: estudo retrospectivo em um centro terciário / Skin and soft tissue infections in the intensive care unit: a retrospective study in a tertiary care center

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o prognóstico, os fatores de risco e a etiologia das infecções da pele e dos tecidos moles na unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de uma coorte de 1.123 pacientes graves admitidos a uma unidade de terapia intensiva com o diagnóstico de infecção grave de pele ou tecidos moles. Resultados: Foram selecionados 30 pacientes, sendo 20 (66,7%) com fasceíte necrotizante, predominantemente da região perineal; 8 (26,7%) com abscesso cutâneo; e 2 (6,6%) com celulite. A maioria dos pacientes tinha fatores de risco, como imunossupressão e lesões cutâneas. O microrganismo isolado predominante foi Escherichia coli. Pacientes com fasceíte necrotizante na admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva apresentaram mortalidade significativamente maior (55%; p = 0,035), assim como aqueles com maior índice de severidade, choque séptico, parada cardiorrespiratória e leucocitose. Organismos resistentes à antibioticoterapia foram comuns, mesmo na ausência de fatores de risco. Quando presente, o fator de risco mais comum foi o uso prévio de antibiótico. Conclusão: Foram identificados fatores de risco e microrganismos diferentes dos classicamente descritos na literatura, além de elevada mortalidade da fasceíte necrotizante e presença de microrganismos multirresistentes na ausência de fatores de risco. Dada a aparente evolução etiológica das infecções da pele e tecidos moles, a identificação de novos fatores de risco e etiologia pode contribuir para uma terapêutica antimicrobiana mais adequada.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify factors that may influence outcomes in patients with severe skin and soft tissue infections in the intensive care unit. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in a cohort of 1,123 critically ill patients admitted to an intensive care unit with a primary or secondary diagnosis of severe skin and soft tissues infection between January 2006 and December 2014. Results: Thirty patients were included, 20 (66.7%) of whom were diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis; in these patients, perineal area involvement was most commonly identified. Abscess was diagnosed in 8 (26.7%) patients, most commonly involving the cervical area. Risk factors such as immunosuppression and previous surgical trauma were commonly observed in this population. The most commonly isolated microorganism was Escherichia coli. Multidrug resistant microorganisms were commonly detected, even in the absence of traditional risk factors; among these patients, previous use of antibiotics was the most common risk factor for drug resistance. The rate of mortality was significantly higher in patients with necrotizing fasciitis (55%, p = 0.035) and associated with disease severity, presence of septic shock, cardiac arrest and leucocytosis. Conclusion: Different risk factors and etiologies of severe skin and soft tissue infections were identified. Necrotizing fasciitis and drug-resistant bacteria were significant predictors of mortality, even in the absence of traditional risk factors. Obtaining a better understanding of trends in the risk factors and microorganisms associated with severe skin infections may help in the determination of prompt treatment and antibiotic choices.

Spectrum and potency of ceftaroline against leading pathogens causing community-acquired respiratory tract and skin and soft tissue infections in Latin America, 2010

Ceftaroline, the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil, is a cephalosporin with in vitro bactericidal activity against Gram-positive organisms, including methicillinsusceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus, β-haemolytic and viridans group streptococci, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as common Gram-negative organisms. In this study a total of 986 isolates collected in 2010 from patients in 15 medical centers in five Latin American countries from the Assessing Worldwide Antimicrobial Resistance Evaluation Program were identified as community-acquired respiratory tract or skin and soft tissue infection pathogens. Ceftaroline was the most potent agent tested against S. pneumoniae with a MIC90 value (0.12 µg/mL) that was eight-fold lower than ceftriaxone, levofloxacin, and linezolid. Its spectrum of coverage (100.0% susceptible) was similar to tigecycline, linezolid, levofloxacin and vancomycin. Against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, ceftaroline was the most active agent tested. The activity of ceftaroline against S. aureus (including MRSA) was similar to that of vancomycin and tetracycline (MIC90,1 µg/mL) and linezolid (MIC90,2 Jg/mL). The 1-haemolytic streptococci exhibited 100.0% susceptibility to ceftaroline. Ceftaroline activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Enterobacter spp. was similar to that of ceftriaxone and ceftazidime. These parenteral cephalosporin agents have potent activity against non-extended-spectrum These parenteral cephalosporin agents have potent activity against non-extended-spectrum-lactamase-phenotype strains, but are not active against extended-spectrum β-lactamase-phenotype strains. These results confirm the in vitro activity of ceftaroline against pathogens common in communityacquired respiratory tract and skin and soft tissue infection in Latin America, and suggest that ceftaroline fosamil could be an important therapeutic option for these infections.

Daptomicina: características farmacológicas y aporte en el tratamiento de infecciones por cocáceas gram positivas / Daptomycin: pharmacological characteristics and its role in the treatment of gram positive infections

Daptomycin recently made available in Chile, belongs to a new family of antimicrobials known as lypopeptides. Daptomycin has a unique mechanism of action and a potent bactericidal activity over susceptible agents. It is active against a number of clinically significant Gram positive cocci, including strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp., both susceptible and resistant to classic antimicrobials. Daptomycin has been approved for clinical use in skin and soft tissue infections, and for S. aureus bacteremia in adult patients. Ongoing trials suggest that daptomycin is also useful in the treatment of other infections such as osteomyelitis, biofilm producing infections, and in immunocompromised patients, particularly onco-hematologic patients. The main adverse reaction associated with daptomycin use is myopathy, usually mild and reversible.

Daptomicina es un anti-infeccioso de reciente introducción en Chile, miembro exclusivo de una nueva familia de antimicrobianos conocida como lipopéptidos cíclicos. Tiene un mecanismo de acción único que le confiere un potente efecto bactericida sobre los microorganismos susceptibles. Su especto antimicrobiano comprende cocáceas grampositivas de importancia clínica como Staphylococcus aureus y Enterococcus spp., incluyendo cepas resistentes a antimicrobianos habituales. Está aprobada para el uso clínico en infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos y bacteriemia complicada y no complicada por S. aureus, en adultos. Estudios en curso sugieren que será una alternativa útil en otras infecciones frecuentes como osteomielitis, infecciones asociadas a dispositivos ortopédicos, infecciones asociadas a biopelículas e infecciones en hospederos inmunosuprimidos, en particular en pacientes onco-hematológicos. El principal efecto adverso asociado al uso de daptomicina es la toxicidad muscular, observándose miopatía reversible, la mayoría de las veces asintomática, en aproximadamente 3% de los pacientes que utilizan el fármaco.

Rhizopus-associated soft tissue infection in an immunocompetent air-conditioning technician after a road traffic accident: a case report and review of the literature

Rhinocerebral or sinopulmonary mucromycosis is a well-recognized human fungal infection found among immunocompromised and diabetic patients. However, the infection is rare among immunocompetent hosts. We are reporting the case of an adult immunocompetent male patient working as an air-conditioning technician. The patient was a victim of a road traffic accident [RTA] and sustained multiple fractures in the proximal part of the left tibia, distal femur, and scapula. Two weeks postoperatively, Rhizopus microspores were isolated from an infected traumatic wound over the distal femur. Surgical debridement was performed, and the patient was started on amphotericin B. Occupational exposure history and workplace environmental sanitation are crucial for the prevention of this potentially fatal yet preventable infection. 2011 King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y multicéntrico acerca de la infección de piel y partes blandas por Staphylococcus aureus meticilino-resistente adquirido en la comunidad (SAMRAC) / Multicentric prospective and descriptive study about community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus cutaneous and sof tissue infection (CA-MRSA)

El Staphylococus aureus meticilino-resistente adquirido en la comunidad (SAMRAC) es uno de los principales patógenos emergentes de la última década, y en algunos países es la principal causa de infecciones de piel y partes blandas. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y microbiológicas de las infecciones de piel y partes blandas producidas por SAMRAC en pacientes ambulatorios. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, multicéntrico realizado en seis Servicios de Dermatología de la ciudad de Buenos Aires entre julio de 2008 y junio de 2009. Se incluyeron pacientes con infección de piel y partes blandas por SAMRAC documentada por cultivo. La definición de adquisición en la comunidad se basó en criterios epidemiológicos. Resultados. Se reclutaron 114 pacientes, de los cuáles 49% fueron hombres y 51 % mujeres. La media de la edad fue 27 años. El 74% recibió tratamiento con ß lactámicos previo al diagnóstico. Los forúnculos representaron la forma clínica más frecuente (59%), seguido de los abscesos (20%). El antibiótico más indicado fue trimetoprima-sulfametoxasol (68,4%).Las resistencias más frecuentes fueron eritromicina (21,7%) y clindamicina (16,2%), 6 pacientes requirieron internación, 18 pacientes presentaron recurrencias y no se registró ninguna muerte. Conclusiones. Los datos demográficos y clínicos obtenidos en este estudio son similares a los comunicados previamente. La mayoría de los pacientes recibieron tratamiento antibiótico previo, lo que denota una baja sospecha diagnóstica. El impétigo representó una forma de presentación frecuente en la población pediátrica y la celulitis sólo comprometió a mujeres. La resistencia a clindamicina fue mayor al 15%, por lo que no debería ser considerado un antibiótico de primera línea. Las infecciones de piel y partes blandas por SAMRAC son frecuentes en nuestro medio, por lo que debe considerarse en pacientes con lesiones supurativas o falta de...

Community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is oneof the main emergent pathogens of the last decade, being the fi rstcause of skin and soft tissue infections in some countries. The purposeof this study is to describe the epidemiologic, clinical, and microbiologicalcharacteristics of CA-MRSA cutaneous and soft tissue infections inan ambulatory setting.Methods. We conducted a multuicentric, prospective, descriptive studyperformed in 6 dermatology units at Buenos Aires from july 2008 to june2009. Patients with documented CA-MRSA skin and soft tissue infectionswere included. Community acquisition was defi ned based on epidemiologiccriteria.Results. We included 114 patients, of which 49% were male and 51%were female. The median age was 27 years. Seventy four percent of the patientshad received beta-lactamic antibiotic treatment prior to inclusion.The main clinical presentation were furuncules (59%) followed by abscesses( 20%). The most frequently prescribed antibiotic was trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole(68,4%). The most frequently recovered isolates were erithromicin-(21,7%) and clindamycin-resistant (16,2%). Six patients requiredhospital admission, 18 had recurrent diseases, and no death was recorded.Discussion. Demographic and clinical data obtained in this study aresimilar to those previously reported. Most of the patients had received antibiotictreatment before inclusion, which shows the low CA-MRSA clinicalsuspicious. Impetigo was fecuently observed among children, and celulitiswas exclusively observed in females. As clindamycin resistance washigher than 15%, this antibiotic should not be considered a fi rst-line treatmentoption. CA-MRSA infections were frecuently observed in our patients,therefore its diagnosis should be considered on suppurative lesionsand non responding pyodermitis (Dermatol Argent 2010;16(2):110-116).

Tigeciclina: Una revisión sistemática de la experiencia clínica en sus primeros años de uso: [revisión] / Tigecycline: A systematic review of clinical experience during first years of prescription: [review]

The available clinical experience with tigecycline is analyzed under the perspective of a systematic review of the literature, so in the already approved indications as in those off label indications reported in the recent literature. The safety profile is checked in the above mentioned clinical trials. The available information allows supporting tigecycline efficiency in the managing of complicated skin and soft tissues infections, complicated intrabdominales infections and community acquired pneumonias. Its usefulness is insinuated in addition in the managing infection by pathogen with high-level of resistance to antimicrobial. Nevertheless it is needed of major evidence in the matter and of a very sensible policy of use in the healthcare institution setting.

Se analiza, bajo la perspectiva de una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica, la experiencia clínica con tigeciclina en las indicaciones ya aprobadas por las entidades reguladoras y en aquellas indicaciones off label reportadas en la literatura médica reciente. Se revisa el perfil de seguridad y tolerabilidad en dichos ensayos clínicos. La información disponible permite avalar su eficacia en el manejo de de infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos complejas, infecciones intrabdominales complicadas y neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad. Se insinúa además su utilidad en el manejo de infecciones por patógenos con alto nivel de resistencia a antimicrobianos. Sin embargo, se requiere de mayor evidencia al respecto y de una muy sensata política de uso en el medio hospitalario.

La experiencia clínica con tigeciclina: Una breve revisión / Clinical experience with tygecicline: A brief review

The available clinical experience with tigecycline is analyzed under the perspective of a systematic review of the hterature, related to the already approved indications reported in the recent hterature. The safety profile is checked in the above mentioned clinical trials. The available information allows supporting tigecycline efficiency in the managing of complicated skin and soft tissues infections, complicated intrabdominales infections and in community acquired pneumonias.

Se analiza, bajo la perspectiva de una revisión sistemática de la literatura médica, la experiencia clínica con tigeciclina, en las indicaciones ya aprobadas por las entidades reguladoras reportadas en la literatura reciente. Se revisa el perfil de seguridad y tolerabilidad en dichos ensayos clínicos. La información disponible permite avalar su eficacia en el manejo de infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos complicadas, infecciones intra-abdominales complicadas y neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad.

Tigeciclina versus vancomycin más aztreonam en el tratamiento de infecciones complicadas de piel y tejidos blandos: Experiencia en Latinoamérica / Tigecycline as effective as vancomycin plus aztreonam in the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections: Experience in Latin America

BACKGROUND: Treating complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSIs) can be challenging. Tigecycline was compared to vancomycin/aztreonam in patients with cSSSIs in a multinational trial; this article reports on the Latin American (LA) population. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive tigecycline or vancomycin/ aztreonam. Primary endpoint was clinical cure rate at test-of-cure (TOC). Several secondary endpoints and safety were also assessed. RESULTS: A subtotal of 167 LA patients from the multinational trial (N = 573) received ≥ 1 dose of study drug. At TOC, cure rates were similar between tigecycline and vancomycin/aztreonam in the clinically evaluable population.) Noninferiority of tigecycline could not be demonstrated (insufficient sample sizes). Tigecycline-treated patients had higher incidences of nausea, vomiting, anorexia; vancomycin/aztreonam-treated patients had higher incidences of pruritus and rash. CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy results in the LA population were consistent with the multinational study suggesting that tigecycline is noninferior to vancomycin/aztreonam in treating patients with cSSSI.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El tratamiento de infecciones complicadas de piel y tejidos blandos (ICPTB) puede representar un desafío. Se comparó la eficacia de tigeciclina versus vancomicina/aztreonam en pacientes con ICPTB en un estudio multicéntrico; este artículo se refiere a la experiencia en Latinoamérica (LA). MÉTODO: Se asignaron, en forma randomizada, los pacientes a dos grupos de tratamiento: tigeciclina o vancomicina/aztreonam. La meta a evaluar (outcome) primaria fue la curación clínica, denominada test de curación (TC). Se establecieron, además, metas secundarias y la evaluación de seguridad del fármaco. RESULTADOS: Un subtotal de 167 pacientes procedentes de LA, de un estudio multinacional que incluyó 573 pacientes, recibieron ≥ 1 dosis del fármaco en estudio. Al TC, los porcentajes de curación fueron similares entre tigeciclina y vanco-micina/aztreonam en los pacientes clínicamente evaluables). La no inferioridad de tigeciclina no pudo ser demostrada (tamaño de muestra insuficiente). Los pacientes tratados con tigeciclina tuvieron mayor incidencia de náuseas, vómitos y anorexia; los pacientes que recibieron vancomicina/aztreonam tuvieron mayor incidencia de prurito y rash. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de eficacia en LA fueron consistentes con el estudio multinacional sugiriendo que tigeciclina no es inferior a vancomicina/aztreonam en el tratamiento de pacientes con ICPTB.

Indications of a new antibiotic in clinical practice: results of the tigecycline initial use registry

Tigecycline is the first of a new class of antibiotics named glycylcyclines and it was approved for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated skin and skin structure infections. Notwithstanding this, tigecycline's pharmacological and microbiological profile which includes multidrug-resistant pathogens encourages physicians' use of the drug in other infections. We analyzed, during the first months after its launch, the tigecycline prescriptions for 113 patients in 12 institutions. Twenty-five patients (22 percent) received tigecycline for approved indications, and 88 (78 percent) for "off label" indications (56 percent with scientific support and 22 percent with limited or without any scientific support). The most frequent "off label" use was ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) (63 patients). The etiology of infections was established in 105 patients (93 percent). MDR-Acinetobacter spp. was the microorganism most frequently isolated (50 percent of the cases). Overall, attending physicians reported clinical success in 86 of the 113 patients (76 percent). Our study shows that the "off label" use of tigecycline is frequent, especially in VAP. due to MDR-Acinetobacter spp., where the therapeutic options are limited (eg: colistin). Physicians must evaluate the benefits/risks of using this antibiotic for indications that lack rigorous scientific support.

Primary cutaneous actinomycosis: a rare soft tissue infection.

Actinomycosis caused by Actinomyces spp. is a chronic and suppurative infection caused by an endogenous gram positive bacterium. The unusual sites of infection are the head and neck, thorax and abdomen and are almost always endogenous in origin. Primary cutaneous actinomycosis is very rare and is usually associated with external trauma and local ischemia. We report a case of a primary cutaneous actinomycosis of the thigh in a 30-year-old man. The patient acquired the infection through an injection wound which progressed to multiple discharging sinuses. Clinical material from the wound demonstrated the presence of Actinomyces in smears and cultures. The patient was diagnosed and successfully treated with surgical resection and combined antibiotic therapy.